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Energy in Bhutan has been a primary focus of development in the kingdom under its Five-Year Plans. In cooperation with India, Bhutan has undertaken several hydroelectric projects whose output is traded between the countries. Though Bhutan's many hydroelectric plants provide energy far in excess of its needs in the summer, dry winters and increased fuel demand makes the kingdom a marginal net importer of energy from India.〔〔 As of 2011, the Bhutanese government supplied electricity to 60 percent of rural households,〔 a significant increase from about 20 percent in 2003.〔 About 2,500 people used solar power throughout Bhutan.〔 Even where electricity was available for lighting, most rural households cooked by wood fire. Rural homes were often heated with firewood, kerosene, or liquid petroleum gas. Bhutan has no natural petroleum or natural gas reserves. The kingdom has some 1.3 million tonnes of coal reserves, but extracts only about 1,000 tonnes of coal yearly, entirely for domestic consumption. Bhutan also imports oil at some 1,000 barrels per day. Most oil imports supplied fuel for automobiles. Bhutan remains overall carbon-neutral and a net sink for greenhouse gases.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://climateactiontracker.org/countries/bhutan.html )〕 As Bhutan develops and modernizes, however, its domestic demand for energy in household, commercial, and industrial sectors has steadily increased. ==Government agencies and operations== Until 2002, Bhutan's energy sector was overseen by the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Department of Power. In 2002, reforms in the executive Lhengye Zhungtshog produced three new bodies under the Ministry of Economic Affairs: the Department of Energy, its subsidiary Bhutan Electricity Authority,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About Us )〕 and the Bhutan Power Corporation. While the Department formulates policy, planning, and coordination, the Authority is the main regulatory agency of the energy sector. Since 2006, the Authority has had the authority to impose differential tariff structures on low, medium, and high voltage consumers.〔 Through 2011, the Bhutan Power Corporation remained a publicly held corporation, comprising about 9 percent of the nation's civil service, though its long-term goals included privatization.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About Us )〕 In December, 2009, Bhutan Power Corporation had 91,770 customers across the country, out of which 47,846 were rural domestic users.〔 It planned and built hydroelectric plants under a licensure scheme regulating the size and output of projects. In January 2008, the government amalgamated its three wholly owned hydroelectric companies — Chukha Hydro Power Corporation, Basochhu Hydro Power Corporation, and Kurichhu Hydro Power Corporation — into Druk Green Power Corporation.〔 In addition to its first three plants, Druk Green assumed control of Tala Hydropower Plant in 2009.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Druk Green at Work )〕 Druk Green operates as a holding company to oversee and accelerate hydropower and alternative energy development. Both the Bhutan Power Corporation and Druk Green are owned by Druk Holding and Investments, which exercises oversight in the investment and development activities of the energy companies. Both companies faced decreased profit margins largely because of losses due to increased energy price on repurchase from India. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Energy in Bhutan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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